Adams, M. A., Mannion, A. F., & Dolan, P. (1999), Personal risk factors for first-time low back pain. Spine, 24(23), 2497.

Aytekin, E., Caglar, N. S., Ozgonenel, L., Tutun, S., Demiryontar, D. Y., & Demir, S. E. (2012), Home-based exercise therapy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: effects on pain, mobility, disease activity, quality of life, and respiratory functions. Clinical rheumatology, 31(1), 91-97.

Bagheri Sh, and et al (2016), Spinal curvure in the parietal plate, shoulder and pelvic tilt in labor karate girls and non-athlete. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, vol. 5, no. 10, Fall & Winter 2017/2018. (In Persian)

Bagherian Dehkordi S, Rahnama N, Rajabi R. (2011), Comparison of spinal curvature of professional cyclists, amateur and non-athlete subjects. Thesis Masters: Science and applied sciences Sport Sciences. (In Persian)

Bagherian S, Rahnama N, Ahanjan SH. (2011), Comparison of thoracic and lumbar curvature of the triathlon athletes with non-athlete. Proceedings of the 1st National Conference Triathlon; Journal of Isfahan Medical School, Vol. 30, No. 196. (In Persian)

Bagherian, S. Rahnama, N. Mahmoudi, F. (2011), Assessment of spinal curvature of Table Tennis Players. The 6th National Conference on Physical Education and Sport Sciences of Iran. (In Persian)

Escamilla, R. F., & Andrews, J. R. (2009), Shoulder muscle recruitment patterns and related biomechanics during upper extremity sports. Sports medicine, 39(7), 569-590.

Haley, L. (2001), Exercise may ease kyphosis effects. Medical post, 37, 41.

Harman, K., Hubley-Kozey, C. L., & Butler, H. (2005), Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 13(3), 163-176.

Hellström, M., Jacobsson, B., Swärd, L., & Peterson, L. (1990), Radiologic abnormalities of the thoraco-lumbar spine in athletes. Acta Radiologica, 31(2), 127-132.

Kendall, F. P., McCreary, E. K., Provance, P. G., Rodgers, M. M., & Romani, W. A. (2005), Muscles: Testing and function, with posture and pain (Kendall, Muscles). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Khalkhali, Parnianpour M, Karimi H, Mobini B, Kazemnejad A. (2003), Investigating the validity and repeatability of the measurement of spinal cord dorsal kyphosis by flexible ruler in patients with hyperkiaphosis. Archives of Rehabilitation, 4(3), 18-23. (In Persian)

López-Miñarro, P. A., Muyor, J. M., & Alacid, F. (2010), Sagittal spinal curvatures and pelvic tilt in elite young kayakers. Medicina dello Sport, 63(4), 509-519.

Ludewig, P. M., & Cook, T. M. (2000), Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. Physical therapy, 80(3), 276-291.

Lynch, S. S., Thigpen, C. A., Mihalik, J. P., Prentice, W. E., & Padua, D. (2010), The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers. British journal of sports medicine, 44(5), 376-381.

Mulhearn, S., & George, K. (1999), Abdominal muscle endurance and its association with posture and low back pain: An initial investigation in male and female elite gymnasts. Physiotherapy, 85(4), 210-216.

Muyor, J. M., López-Miñarro, P. A., & Alacid, F. (2011), Spinal posture of thoracic and lumbar spine and pelvic tilt in highly trained cyclists. Journal of sports science & medicine, 10(2), 355.

Ortancil, O., Sarikaya, S., Sapmaz, P., Basaran, A., & Ozdolap, S. (2009), The effect (s) of a six-week home-based exercise program on the respiratory muscle and functional status in ankylosing spondylitis. JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 15(2), 68-70.

Pallant, J. (2013), SPSS survival manual. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Penha, P. J., Baldini, M., & João, S. M. A. (2009), Spinal postural alignment variance according to sex and age in 7-and 8-year-old children. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 32(2), 154-159.

Qamari M., Rajabi, R, Akbarnejad A, Minoonejad H. (2011), Comparison of thoracic kyphosis and Scapular Bone Position of Freestyle and Greco-Roman Wrestlers National Level and Non-athletes. Sports Medicine - Spring and Summer, Number 6.

Rajabi R, Latifi S (2010), Norm curvature of the spinal cord (kyphosis) and lumbar (lordosis) of Iranian men and women. Research in Sport Sciences, 7, 13-30. (In Persian)

Rajabi, R., Doherty, P., Goodarzi, M., & Hemayattalab, R. (2008), Comparison of thoracic kyphosis in two groups of elite Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers and a group of non-athletic participants. British journal of sports medicine, 42(3), 229-232.

Rajabi, R., Freemont, A. J., & Doherty, P. (2003). The investigation of thoracic kyphosis in cyclists and non-cyclists. In Kinanthropometry VIII Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) (263-71).

Rostami Haji-Abadi M, Rahnama N., (2010), The profile of body abnormalities among bodybuilders. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences, 6(1).

Sa'adatian A, Saheb Alzamani M, Imanizadeh S, (2013), The angle of kyphosis arch, head forwards, and shoulder joint range of elite handball players. Sport Medicine (Motion), 5(2), 87-101. (In Persian)

Sadeghi M, Ghasemi GH, Iraj F. (2012), Comparing selected spinal column postural abnormalities of professional and amateur Wushu athletes with those of non-athletes. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences, 8(3), 582-589. (In Persian)

Seidi, F., Rajabi, R., Ebrahimi, T. I., Tavanai, A. R., & Moussavi, S. J. (2009), The Iranian flexible ruler reliability and validity in lumbar lordosis measurements. World J Sport Sci, 2(2), 95-99.

Singla, D., & Veqar, Z. (2015), Effect of playing basketball on the posture of cervical spine in healthy collegiate students. Int J Biomed Adv Res, 6(2), 133-136.

Thigpen, C. A., Padua, D. A., Michener, L. A., Guskiewicz, K., Giuliani, C., Keener, J. D., & Stergiou, N. (2010), Head and shoulder posture affect scapular mechanics and muscle activity in overhead tasks. Journal of Electromyography and kinesiology, 20(4), 701-709.

Vialle, R., et al. (2005), Radiographic analysis of the sagittal alignment and balance of the spine in asymptomatic subjects. JBJS. 87(2): 260-267.

Wodecki, P., Guigui, P., Hanotel, M. C., Cardinne, L., & Deburge, A. (2002), Sagittal alignment of the spine: comparison between soccer players and subjects without sports activities. Revue de chirurgie orthopedique et reparatrice de l'appareil moteur, 88(4), 328-336.

Youdas, J. W., Garrett, T. R., Harmsen, S., Suman, V. J., & Carey, J. R. (1996), Lumbar lordosis and pelvic inclination of asymptomatic adults. Physical therapy, 76(10), 1066-1081.