تأثیر توسعۀ مالی اسلامی بر نابرابری درآمد در کشورهای منتخب: رویکرد پانل فضایی | ||
فصلنامه مطالعات اقتصادی کاربردی ایران | ||
دوره 11، شماره 44، اسفند 1401، صفحه 123-171 اصل مقاله (1.26 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22084/aes.2022.26111.3439 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
مریم ستاره ای1؛ داود جعفری سرشت* 2؛ سمیه رزاقی2؛ محسن خضری2 | ||
1دانشجوی دکترای اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بوعلیسینا، همدان، ایران | ||
2استادیار گروه اقتصاد دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بوعلیسینا، همدان، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
افزایش نابرابری، بحثبرانگیزترین مسألۀ روز کشورهای جهان است که دسترسی به منابع اقتصادی، ازجمله دلایل بارز این نابرابری است. برخی معتقدند که نابرابری ناشی از تلاش فردی و نمایانگر یک عامل سازنده در جامعه است. برخی دیگر استدلال میکنند که نابرابری از یک سیستم ناعادلانه بهوجود میآید، که فقط چند قایق را در جریان جزر و مد بالا میبرد و بنابراین، بازدارندۀ سختکوشی است. امروزه اهمیت توزیع درآمد در جوامع بهحدی است که در بسیاری از مکاتب اقتصادی، یکی از اهداف اصلی دولتها را تنظیم الگوی مناسب توزیع درآمد و تلاش در مسیر کاهش نابرابری درآمدی ذکر میکنند. توزیع عادلانۀ درآمد بهعنوان یکی از شاخصهای اصلی و مهم در توسعۀ اقتصادی مطرح میشود. در اینراستا توسعۀ مالی یکی از کلیدهای بالقوۀ دستیابی به رشد بلندمدت اقتصادی است. مطالعات زیادی در اینزمینه انجام گرفته است که همگی نشان میدهند توسعۀ مالی میتواند بهعنوان یکی از سیاستهای ارتقادهندۀ رشد اقتصادی مطرح باشد. رشد اقتصادی ناشی از توسعۀ مالی، درآمد متوسط را افزایش میدهد، اما نابرابری میتواند کاهش یا افزایش داشته باشد. در چند دهۀ اخیر نظام مالی اسلامی، بهعنوان جایگزین مالی متعارف برای دستیابی به عملکرد منطبقبر شریعت در کشورهای اسلامی و راهکار توسعۀ مالی همراه با مالی متعارف در کشورهای غیراسلامی گسترش چشمگیری داشته است. خود موضوع اندازهگیری توسعۀ جامع صنعت مالی اسلامی، یک چالش است. بیتردید، انتخاب سنجههای مناسب ݣݣبهعنوان زیرمجموعهها و ارتباط آنها با ارزیابی توسعۀ مالی اسلامی مملو از قضاوتهای ارزشی ذهنی و دادوستد منابع دادهای است که بهراحتی قابل دسترسی هستند. در اینجا ضرورت وجود یک شاخص مستقیم برای سنجش توسعۀ مالی اسلامی مطرح میشود. در این پژوهش با استفاده از دادههای سالهای 2017-2013 برای 28 کشور (کشورهایی که براساس شاخص توسعۀ مالی اسلامی مورد استفاده، حداقل در یکی از ابعاد توسعۀ مالی اسلامی پیشرفت داشتهاند) شامل 14 کشور با درآمد بالا و 14 کشور با درآمد متوسط و کشورهای کمدرآمد، فرضیۀ کوزنتس و فرضیۀ منحنی مالی و فرضیۀ مالی کوزنتس؛ بهصورت تجربی اثرگذاری توسعۀ مالی اسلامی بر نابرابری مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. نتایج بهدست آمده از مدل دوربین فضایی (SDM) بیانگر این است که نتایج برای دو گروه کشورها یکسان است و شاخص توسعۀ مالی اسلامی منجر به کاهش نابرابری درآمدی میشود. با وجوداین، از میان پنج جزء تشکیلدهندۀ این شاخص، تنها ضرایب منفی برای شاخصهای دانش (KNI) و مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکتها (CSR) معنادار است، درحالیکه ابعاد مختلف توسعۀ مالی متعارف در نمونۀ کشورهای مورد مطالعه دارای اثرات متعارض و معنادار میباشد. علاوهبراین، یافتههای این مطالعه نشان میدهد که هیچ شواهد روشنی برای حمایت از پیشنهاد توسعۀ اقتصادی همراه با رشد مالی وجود ندارد که بتواند مشکل نابرابری درآمد را کاهش دهد. همچنین، یافتههای پژوهش بیانگر آن است که تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه، تورم و باز بودن تجارت باعث افزایش نابرابری درآمد گردیده؛ در مقابل، هزینههای مصرف نهایی دولت، جمعیت شهری و نسبت وابستگی سن، به کشورها کمک میکند تا نابرابری درآمدی را کاهشدهند. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
توسعۀ مالی اسلامی؛ نابرابری درآمد؛ منحنی کوزنتس؛ منحنی مالی؛ منحنی مالی کوزنتس؛ رویکرد پانل فضایی | ||
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