ساختار اجتماعی و پیچیدگیهای جوامع دوران نوسنگی و مس و سنگ در غرب ایران | ||
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران | ||
دوره 11، شماره 29، شهریور 1400، صفحه 7-32 اصل مقاله (2.69 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22084/nb.2020.20573.2049 | ||
نویسنده | ||
سیروان محمدی قصریان* | ||
دانشجوی دکتری باستان شناسی، گروه باستان شناسی دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
چکیده | ||
از نظر جغرافیایی، غرب ایران در مجاورت دو منطقه از مهمترین نواحی دنیای باستان در ارتباط با مطالعات ساختار اجتماعی و پیچیدگیهای اجتماعی قرار گرفته است؛ خوزستان و بینالنهرین (بینالنهرین شمالی و جنوبی) ازجمله مناطق دنیای باستان هستند که بعد از پشتسر گذاشتن روندی طولانیمدت در ارتباط با پیچیدگیهای اجتماعی، بهویژه از دورۀ آغازنوسنگی بهبعد، در هزارۀ 4 پ.م. به پیچیدهترین سطح ممکنه رسیده و سرانجام در این دوران به مرحلۀ شهرنشینی رسیدند. باوجود گزارش نوعی ساختارهای پیچیدۀ ابتدایی در دوران نوسنگی، اما در اواخر هزارۀ پنجم و اوایل هزاره چهارم پیشازمیلاد و همزمان با دورۀ گودین VII است که برای اولینبار شواهد ملموس و متقنی از وجود جوامع پیچیده و سلسلهمراتبی در مناطق غرب ایران آشکار میگردد. این روند که با احداث سازههای معماری نظیر محوطۀ کارگاهی دورۀ VII گودین شروع میشود با ساختن سازۀ معروف بیضویشکل اواخر هزارۀ 4 پ.م. (دورۀ VI/1) در گودینتپه به بالاترین سطح خود میرسد، ولی همانند بینالنهرین و جنوبغرب ایران به مرحلۀ شهرنشینی ختم نمیگردد. پژوهش حاضر در پی آن است که جوامع دورۀ نوسنگی و مسوسنگ غرب ایران دارای چه ساختار اجتماعی بوده و میزان پیچیدگیهای آن به نسبت مناطق همجوار در چه سطحی است؟ روش پژوهش در این مقاله روشی تحلیلی-تفسیری است که با استفاده از شواهد و دادههای باستانشناختی نظیر: معماری، آیین تدفین، الگوی استقرار، سفال و ابزارهای سنگی، توکنهای شمارشی، پیرک گِلی، مُهر و... سعی دارد ساختار اجتماعی جوامع غرب ایران را مورد مطالعه قرار دهد. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان میدهد که بهغیر از عوامل مهمی نظیر شرایط ویژه و محدودیتهای جغرافیایی غرب ایران که در عدم ورود آن به مرحلۀ شهرنشینی نقش کلیدی و اساسی داشته، عوامل دیگری نظیر: عوامل آئینی-مذهبی و مکان و مجتمعهای یادمانی و آئینی نیز میتوانسته در این امر سهیم باشند. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
پیچیدگی های اجتماعی؛ دورۀ مس وسنگ؛ بین النهرین؛ شهرنشینی | ||
مراجع | ||
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