
تعداد نشریات | 22 |
تعداد شمارهها | 485 |
تعداد مقالات | 5,045 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 9,290,930 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 6,135,372 |
معرفی چشمانداز نویافتۀ پارینهسنگی بولان در شمال مخروطافکنۀ ایوانکی با تمرکز بر تحلیل گونه-فنشناسی | ||
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران | ||
دوره 14، شماره 41، شهریور 1403، صفحه 7-39 اصل مقاله (1.04 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22084/nb.2024.28685.2642 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
سید میلاد هاشمی* 1؛ اصغر ناطقی2؛ عالیه عبداللهی2؛ میر احمد زوار موسوی نیاکی3 | ||
1استادیار گروه باستانشناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول) | ||
2دانشآموختۀ کارشناسیارشد باستانشناسی، گروه باستانشناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران | ||
3دانشآموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد باستانشناسی، گروه باستانشناسی، مؤسسۀ آموزش عالی مارلیک، نوشهر، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
یافتههای دو دهۀ اخیر در شمال دشت کویر، اهمیت این پهنه را در دوران پلیئستوسن نشان میدهد و پیشنهاد میکند که این بخش از فلات ایران بهدلیل نوسانات اقلیمی-محیطی در گذشته، شرایط متفاوتی با امروز داشته است؛ بدینگونه که در بُرهههای زمانی با شرایط مناسب، پذیرای جمعیتهای انسانی بوده است. برهمیناساس، فرضیۀ گذرگاهِ پراکنشیِ حاشیۀ شمالی دشت کویر مطرح شد. با اینوجود، اطلاعات در دسترس از جمعیتهای انسانی دوران پلیئستوسن در این پهنۀ اندک و محدود به بخشهای شرقی و غربی آن است و اطلاعات چندانی از بخش مرکزی، منطبق با استانهای البرز، تهران و بخش غربی از استان سمنان امروزی، بهجز چند محوطۀ بالادست در بخشهای ناهموار شمالی در دست نیست. شواهد پاییندست هم به چشمانداز شورقاضی محدود میشود. بههمیندلیل، بررسی پیمایشیِ پارینهسنگی در پهنۀ کوچکی از بخش مرکزی در محدودۀ شهرستان امروزی ایوانکی با اهداف اصلی مشخص کردن وضعیت این بخش از گذرگاه شمالی در دوران پلیئستوسن و بررسی درجۀ پیوستگی و حضور چشماندازهای پارینهسنگی در این گذرگاه و در نتیجه، تقویت یا تضعیف فرضیۀ مطرحشده، انجام شد. در نتیجۀ انجام بررسی پیمایشی فشرده با پای پیاده و نمونهبرداری به روش ترکیبیِ طبقهبندیشدۀ متناسب (اتفاقی) و روش سازشی، پراکنشهای گستردهای از دستساختههای سنگی ثبت شدند. در اینجا، یکی از این پراکنشهای سطحی، -محوطۀ بولان- معرفی شده و مجموعۀ دستساختههای سنگی آن مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج مقدماتی پیشنهاد میدهد که براساس روش تحلیل گونه-فنشناسی و گاهنگاری مقایسهای، میتوان حضور جمعیتهای انسانی در دورههای پارینهسنگی میانی و جدید با دو سنت ابزارسازی متفاوت، اما درهمآمیخته را در اینجا تشخیص داد. علاوهبر آن، بهطورکلی، سنت ابزارسازی در بولان بهصورت ابزارسازی غیررسمی و فرصتطلبانه بوده است. درنهایت، یافتشدن چشماندازهای وسیع پارینهسنگی در بخش مرکزی از شمال دشت کویر به تقویت فرضیۀ گذرگاه شمالی در دل فلات ایران انجامید. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
بخش شمالی از دشت کویر مرکزی؛ گذرگاه پراکنش در دوران پلیئستوسن؛ پهنۀ ایوانکی؛ دوران پارینهسنگی میانی و جدید؛ دستساختههای سنگی | ||
مراجع | ||
- Allaby, M., (2006). Deserts (Biomes of the Earth). Facts on File. - Alibeigi, S. & Khosravi, S. (2009). “Tepeh Khaleseh: A New Neolithic and Palaeolithic site in the Abharrud Basin in north-western Iran”. Antiquity, 83(319). Project Gallery. - Andrefsky, W., (1994). “Raw material availability and the organization of technology”. American Antiquity, 59: 21–34. https://doi.org/10.2307/3085499 - Andrefsky, W., (2014). “Debris, Debitage, or Tools: Unmodified Flakes and Cutting Efficiency”. In: Lithics in the West: Using Lithic Analysis to Solve Archeological Problems in Western North America, D.H. MacDonald, W. Andrefsky & P.-L. Yu (eds.): 4–16. Missoula, MT, UM Press Open Access Books, 1. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/umpress-oabooks/1/ - Bamforth, D. B., (1986). “Technological efficiency and tool curation”. American Antiquity, 51: 38–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/280392 - Banning, E. B., (2002). Archaeological Survey. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0769-7 - Baumler, M. F. & Speth, J. D., (1993). “A Middle Paleolithic Assemblage from Kunji Cave, Iran”. In: The Paleolithic Prehistory of Zagros-Taurus, D. I. Olszewski & H. L. Dibble (eds.): 1–73. Philadelphia, The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. - Beck, C., Taylor, A.K., Jones, G.T. et al., (2002). “Rocks are heavy: transport costs and Paleoarchaic quarry behavior in the Great Basin”. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 21: 481–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4165(02)00007-7 - Berillon, G., Asgari Khaneghah, A., Antoine, P., et al., (2007). “Discovery of New Open-air Paleolithic Localities in Central Alborz, Northern Iran”. Journal of Human Evolution, 52: 380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.10.004 - Biglari, F., (2003a). “Preliminary report of field investigations in Kashan’s Paleolithic sites”. In: S., Malek Shahmirzadi & H. Fahimi (ed.), The Silversmiths of Sialk: 151–168. ICAR, The Organization of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts (in Persian). - Biglari, F., (2003b). “Nargeh, the first evidence of Middle Paleolithic Period in Qazvin Plain, Northwest of Central Plateau”. Archaeological Reports 2: 165–171. ICAR, The Organization of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts (in Persian). - Binford, L. R., (1980). “Willow Smoke and Dog’s Tails: Hunter-Gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation”. American Antiquity, 45: 4–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/279653 - Blades, B. S., (2008). “Reduction and Retouch as Independent Measures of Intensity”. In: Lithic Technology: Measures of Production, Use and Curation, W. Andrefky Jr. (ed.): 136–149. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499661.007 - Bordes, F., (1961). Typologie du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Bordeaux: Impriméries Delmas. - Briggs, L. C., (1975). “Environment and Human Adaptation in the Sahara”. In: Physiological Anthropology, A. Damon (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. - Centi, L. & Zaidner, Y., (2021). “The Levallois Flaking System in Nesher Ramla Upper Sequence”. Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology, 4(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-021-00088-3 - Clarkson, C., (2007). Lithics in the Land of the Lightning Brothers: The Archaeology of Wardaman Country, Northern Territory. Terra Australis 25. Canberra: ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_459360 - Clarkson, C., Haslam, M. & Harris, C., (2015). “When to Retouch, Haft, or Discard? Modeling Optimal Use/Maintenance Schedules in Lithic Tool Use”. In: Lithic Technological systems and Evolutinary theory, W. Andrefsky Jr. & N. Goodale (eds.): 117–138, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139207775.011 - Claud, É., Thiébaut, C. et al., (2019). “The use-wear studies on the lithic industries”. Palethnologie, 10: 285–315. https://doi.org/10.4000/palethnologie.4137 - Conard, N. J., Soressi, M., Parkington, J. E., Wurz, S. & Yates, R., (2004). “A Unified Lithic Taxonomy Based on Patterns of Core Reduction”. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 59: 13–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/3889318 - Conard, N. J., Ghasidian, E. & Heydari-Guran, S., (2009). “The Open-Air late Paleolithic Site of Bardia and the Paleolithic Occupation of the Qaleh Gusheh Sand Dunes, Esfahan Province, Iran”. In: M. Otte, F. Biglari & J. Jaubert (Eds.), Iran Paleolithic, Le Paléolithique d’Iran, 141–154, Oxford, Archeopress, BAR International Series. https://www.barpublishing.com/iran-palaeolithic-le-paleolithique-diran.html - Debénath, A. & Dibble, H. L., (1994). Handbook of Paleolithic Typology, vol. 1: Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. - Dennell, R. W., (2020). From Arabia to the Pacific: How our species colonised Asia. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003038788 - Dibble, H. L., (1984). “The Mousterian Industry from Bisitun Cave (Iran)”. Paléorient, 10(2): 23–34. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1984.937 - Dibble, H. L., (1991). “Mousterian Assemblage Variability on an Interregional Scale”. Journal of Anthropological Research, 47(2): 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.47.2.3630327 - Dibble, H. L. & Holdaway, S. J., (1993). “The Middle Paleolithic Industries of Warwasi”. In: The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus, D. Olszewski and H.L. Dibble (eds.): 75–100. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. - Douglass, M. J., (2010). “The Archaeological potential of informal lithic technologies: A case study of assemblage variability in western New South Wales, Australia”. Unpublished PhD dissertation Auckland, Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland. - Douze, K., Igreja, M., Rots, V., Cnuts, D. & Porraz, G., (2020). “Technology and function of middle stone age points, Insights from a combined approach at bushman rock shelter, South Africa”. In: Culture History and Convergent Evolution: Can We Detect Populations in Prehistory? H.S. Groucutt (ed.): 127–141, Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46126-3_7 - Downey, J. T., (2010). “Working With Expedient Lithic Technologies in the Northern Highlands of Peru”. vis-à-vis: Explorations in Anthropology, 10(2): 77–95. https://vav.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/vav/article/view/12341 - Driscoll, K. & García-Rojas, M., (2014). “Their lips are sealed: identifying hard stone, soft stone, and antler hammer direct percussion in Palaeolithic prismatic blade production”. Journal of Archaeological Science, 47: 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.04.008 - Eren, M. I., Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., Kuhn, S. L. et al., (2005). “Defining and Measuring Reduction in Unifacial Stone Tools”. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32: 1190–1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.03.003 - Fuentes, R., Ono, R., Nakajima, N. et al., (2019). “Technological and behavioural complexity in expedient industries: The importance of use-wear analysis for understanding flake assemblages”. Journal of Archaeological Science, 112: 105031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.105031 - Geneste, J.-M., (1985). “Analyse lithique d’industries moustériennes du Périgord: approche technologique du comportement des groupes humaine au Paléolithique moyen”. PhD thesis, Université de Bordeaux. - Glauberman, P. J. & Thorson, R. M., (2012). “Flint Patina as an Aspect of “flaked stone taphonomy”: A case study from the Loess terrain of the Netherlands and Belgium”. Journal of Taphonomy, 10(1): 21–43. https://journaltaphonomy.com/volumen-10-issue-1-year-2012/ - Habu, J. & Fitzhugh, B., (2002). “Introduction”. In: Beyond Foraging and Collecting: Evolutionary Change in Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems, B. Fitzhugh & J. Habu (eds.): 1-11. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1569-9056(02)00145-8 - Halstead, P. & O’Shea, J., (1989). “Introduction”. In: Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainty, P. Halstead & J. O’Shea (eds): 1–7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521218.002 - Hariryan, H., Heydari-Guran, S., Motarjem, A. & Ghasidian, E., (2021). “New Evidence of a Late Pleistocene Occupation on the Southern Slopes of the Alborz Mountains”. Lithic Technology, 46(2): 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2020.1860350 - Hashemi, S. M., (2016). “Hunter-Gatherers’ Adaptive Strategies in different Biomes during Pleistocene”. Quaternary Journal of Iran, 2(7): 271–304 (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/irqua.2016.701943 - Hashemi, S. M., Vahdati Nasab, H., Berillon, G., et al., (2018). “The Late Pleistocene in the Northern fringes of Iranian Central Desert and the Formation of Archaeological Sites; Case Study: Mirak, Semnan”. Quaternary Journal of Iran, 3(4): 405–430 (in Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/irqua.2018.701924 - Hashemi, S. M., Vahdati Nasab, H., Berillon, G. & Oryat, M., (2021). “An investigation of the flake-based lithic tool morphology using 3D geometric morphometrics: A case study from the Mirak Paleolithic Site, Iran”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 37: 102948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102948 - Hashemi, S. M., Nateqi, A., Abdollahi, A., et al., (2024). “Evidence of Pleistocene hominin landscapes in Eyvanekey, Iran, and implications for the Northern Dispersal Corridor”. Antiquity, Project Gallery, 98(399): e14. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.53 - Hayden, B., (1977). “Stone Tool Functions in the Western Desert”. In: Stone Tools as Cultural Markers: Change, Evolution, and Complexity, R.V.S. Wright (ed.): 178–188. Canberra, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. - Heydari-Guran, S. & Ghasidian, E., (2011). “Paleolithic survey in the Arisman Region, Western Central Iranian Plateau”. In: A. Vatandoust, H. Parzinger & B. Helwing (Eds.), early mining and metallurgy on the Western Central Iranian Plateau: 484–498. AMIT 9. Mainz, Verlag Philipp Von Zabern. - Heydari-Guran, S., Ghasidian, E. & Conard, N., (2014). “Middle Paleolithic Settlements on the Iranian Central Plateau”. In: N. Conard & A. Delagnes (Eds.), Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age, IV: 171–203, Tübingen Publication in Prehistory. https://kernsverlag.com/en/book/settlement-dynamics-of-the-middle-paleolithic-and-middle-stone-age-volume-iv/ - Hitchcock, R. K. & Ebert, J. I., (1984). “Foraging and food production among Kalahari hunter-gatherers”. In: From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa, J. D. Clark & S. A. Brandt (eds.): 328–348. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520407213-034 - Horn, H. S., (1968). “The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer’s Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus)”. Ecology, 49: 682–694. https://doi.org/10.2307/1935532 - Jayez, M., Hashemi, S. M., Nateghi, A. et al., (2019). “Anzo: The First Evidence of Paleolithic Cave Sites in the Northern Margin of the Iranian Central Desert, Semnan, Iran”. Archaeology, 7(1): 1–5. http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.archaeology.20190701.01.html - Jones, P. R., (1980). “Experimental Butchery with Modern Stone Tools and Its Relevance for Palaeolithic Archaeology”. World Archaeology, 12: 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1980.9979789 - Kelly, R. L., (2013). The Lifeways of Hunter-gatherers: the foraging spectrum. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176132 - Knutsson, H., Knutsson, K., Taipale, N., Tallavaara, M. & Darmark, K., (2015). “How shattered flakes were used: Micro-wear analysis of quartz flake fragments”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2: 517–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.04.008 - Koch, J. & Schindler, B., (2012). “Flakes Giving you Lip? Let them Speak: An Examination of the Relationship Between Percussor Type and Lipped Platforms”. Archaeology of Eastern North America, 40: 99–106. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23265137 - Kuhn, S. L. (1995). Mousterian Lithic Technology: An Ecological Perspective. Princeton, Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400864034 - Lee, R. B. & DeVore, I., (1968). Man the Hunter. New York: Routledge. - Lin, S. C., Rezek, Z., Braun, D. & Dibble, H. L., (2013). “On the Utility and Economization of Unretouched Flakes: The Effects of Exterior Platform Angle and Platform Depth”. American Antiquity, 78(4): 724–745.https://doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.4.724 - Marreiros, J., Calandra, I., Gneisinger, W. et al., (2020). “Rethinking Use-Wear Analysis and Experimentation as Applied to the Study of Past Hominin Tool Use”. Journal of Paleolithic archaeology, 3: 475–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-020-00058-1 - Marshall, L., (1976). The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. MA, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674180574 - Moran, E. F., (2022). Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. 4th ed. New York: Routledge. - Nateqi, A., Hashemi, S. M., Abdollahi, A. et al., (2020). “Quaternary Deposits and the Paleolithic Sites on the Northern Edge of Iranian Central Desert: Introduction of the Newly-found Paleolithic Sites of Shour-e Qazi and Sar-Darreh”. Quaternary Journal of Iran, 6(5): 153-183 (in Persian).https://doi.org/10.22034/irqua.2020.702363 - Noy-Meir, I., (1973). “Desert Ecosystems: Environment and Procedures”. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4: 25-51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000325 - Nymark, A., (2021). “Middle Palaeolithic technological adaptation in Montane Southwest Asia: a test of the Zagros Mousterian “Summer adaptation hypothesis”. PhD thesis, Birkbeck, University of London (Unpublished; Defended in 2018). - Ohnuma K. & Bergman C. A., (1982). “Experimental studies in the determination of flaking mode”. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, 19: 161–170. - Orton, C., (2000). Sampling in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139163996 - Pargeter, J. & Groucutt, H., (2023). “Variable Perspectives on ‘Standardization in the Stone Age’”. Lithic Technology, 48(4): 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2023.2267386 - Parry, W. J. & Kelly, R. L., (1987). “Expedient Core Technology and Sedentism”. In: The Organization of Core Technology, J. K. Johnson and C.A. Morrow (ed.): 285–304. Boulder, Westview Press. - Railey, J. A., (2010). “Reduced mobility or the bow and arrow? Another look at “expedient” technologies and sedentism”. American Antiquity, 75(2): 259–286. https://doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.2.259 - Rosenberg-Yefet, T., Shemer, M. & Barkai, R., (2022). “Lower Paleolithic Winds of Change: Prepared Core Technologies and the Onset of the Levallois Method in the Levantine Late Acheulian”. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10: 847358. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.847358 - Sadraei, A., Farjami, M., Zafaranlou, R. & Vahedi, H., (2022). “An Introduction to the Late Pleistocene Lithic Industries in the East of the Iranian Plateau in Light of the New Findings from Sarbisheh Plain”. Lithic Technology, 47(4): 340–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2082028 - Semenov, S. A., (1970). “The Forms and Functions of the Oldest Tools: A Reply to Prof. F. Bordes”. Quartär, 21: 1–20. - Shea, J. J. (2023). “Chasing Mirages: Seeking Standardization among Prehistoric Stone Tools”. Lithic Technology, 48(3): 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2136419 - Shoaee, M.-J., Vahdati Nasab, H. & Petraglia, M. D., (2021). “The Paleolithic of the Iranian Plateau: Hominin occupation history and implications for human dispersals across southern Asia”. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 62: 101292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101292 - Shoaee, M. J., Breeze, P. S., Drake, N. A., Hashemi, S. M. et al., (2023). “Defining paleoclimatic routes and opportunities for hominin dispersals across Iran”. PlosOne, 18(3): e0281872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281872 - Shott, M. J. & Sillitoe, P., (2005). “Use life and curation in New Guinea: experimental used rakes”. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32: 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.012 - Soleymani, S. & Alibaigi, S., (2018). “Qaleh Kurd Cave: A Middle Paleolithic site on the western borders of the Iranian Central Plateau. Al-Rāfidān”. Journal of Western Asiatic Studies, 39: 43–54. - Timbrell, L., de la Peña, P., Way, A. et al., (2022). “Technological and geometric morphometric analysis of ‘post-Howiesons Poort points’ from Border Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa”. Quaternary Science Reviews, 297: 107813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107813 - Vahdati Nasab, H. & Feiz, Z., (2014). “Reconnaissance survey in the Northern margins of Iranian Central Desert between Semnan and Sorkheh”. Proceedings of the twelfth Annual Meeting of Archaeology, 465–468 (in Persian). - Vahdati Nasab, H. & Clark, G. A., (2014). “The Upper Paleolithic of the Iranian Central Desert: the Delazian Site, a Case Study”. AMIT, Band 46: 1–20. - Vahdati Nasab, H. & Hashemi, M., (2016). “Playas and Middle Paleolithic settlement of the Iranian Central Desert: The discovery of the Chah-e Jam Middle Paleolithic site”. Quaternary International, 408(B): 140–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.117 - Vahdati Nasab, H., Mollasalehi, H., Saeedpour, M. & Jamshidi, N., (2009). “Paleolithic Levalloisian assemblages from Boeen Zahra in the Qazvin Plain (Iran)”. Antiquity, 83(320), Project Gallery. - Vahdati Nasab, H., Clark, G. A. & Torkamandi, S., (2013). “Late Pleistocene dispersal corridors across the Iranian Plateau: a case study from Mirak, a Middle Paleolithic site on the northern edge of the Iranian Central Desert (Dasht-e Kavir)”. Quaternary International, 300: 267–281.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.11.028 - Vahdati Nasab, H., Berillon, G., Jamet, G., Hashemi, M. et al., (2019). “The Open-Air Paleolithic Site of Mirak, Northern Edge of the Iranian Central Desert (Semnan, IRAN): Evidence of repeated human occupations during the late Pleistocene”. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 18(4): 465–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2019.02.005 - Vahdati Nasab, H., Berillon, Hashemi, S. M. et al., (2024). “Qaleh Kurd Cave (Qazvin, Iran): Oldest Evidence of Middle Pleistocene Hominin Occupations and a Human Deciduous Tooth in the Iranian Central Plateau”. Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology, 7(16): https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-024-00180-4 - Weiss, M., (2020). “The Lichtenberg Keilmesser: it’s all about the angle”. PLoS ONE, 15(10): e0239718. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239718 - Withrow, R. M., (1983). “An analysis of Lithic Resource Selection and Processing at the Valley View site (47 LC 34)”. Unpublished Master’s thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota. - Yang, X., Liu, S., Yang, T. et al., (2016). “Spatial-temporal dynamics of desert vegetation and its responses to climatic variations over the last three decades: a case study of Hexi region in Northwest China”. Journal of Arid Land, 8(4): 556–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-016-0046-3 - Yellen, J .E., (1977). “Long term hunter-gatherer adaptation to desert environments: a biogeographical perspective”. World Archaeology, 8(3): 262–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1977.9979672 - Yellen, J. E. & Lee, R. B., (1976). “The Dobe-/Du/Da environment: background to a hunting and gathering way of life”. In: Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and their neighbors, R.B. Lee & I. DeVore (eds.): 27–46. MA, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674430600.c4 | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 408 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 356 |