Statistics
| Number of Journals | 22 |
| Number of Issues | 485 |
| Number of Articles | 5,052 |
| Article View | 9,296,989 |
| PDF Download | 6,139,830 |
A Metallographic, ICP- OES and SEM- EDS Examination on Three Bronze Age Alloys from Southern Part of Halil-Rud Region, Jiroft, Iran | ||
| پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران | ||
| Article 4, Volume 6, Issue 10, September 2016, Pages 67-82 PDF (702.75 K) | ||
| DOI: 10.22084/nbsh.2016.1547 | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Southeastern Iran is one of the earliest centers of archaeometallurgy in Southwestern Asia. Due to archaeological investigations many important documents were discovered in ancient sites such as Tal-i- Iblis, Tepe Yahya, Shahdad and Shahr-e-Sokhteh. There are many ancient mining evidences and slag heaps of ore smelting all the southeastern region over. Besides gathering many data of early urbanization by recent archaeological researches in Jiroft Plain south of Kerman province, the ancient metallurgical evidences and metal objects were discovered. Many ores especially copper and slags of smelting were identified in the region and reported on the basis of archeological and geological surveys. A set of objects were gathered by illegal diggings in a region named Mil-e- Farhad in the southeast of Jiroft. There are some metal objects among them. One metal pin and two needles were chosen and examined by laboratories analyses were argued in this paper. On the basis of archaeological excavations of some sites in this region and corresponding with types gathered from scientific diggings, these objects are belonging to Bronze Age –Late 4th/Early 3rd millennium B.C.-. Examination of metallugraphic analysis, was determined the method of these three objects production. These were produce by cold hammering and annealing manner. The quantity and quality of the elements of Inclusions, Globules and Impurities of these objects were analyzed by SEM- EDS and ICP- OES. Chemically, the main compositions of the objects are resemble to Bronze Age metallurgy of southeastern Iran; the pin and one of the needles were made of copper- arsenical alloy and another needle was made of pure copper. The other identified elements are included antimony, zinc, tin, lead, iron, strontium, silver, aluminum and some other trace elements. Ore deposites surveys indicate that the quantity and quality of ores elements of Halil-Rud region bear relatively exact resembalanse of these objects compositions. We could assay the locality of raw material of the mentioned objects by this elemental adaptation. One of the substantial point of Bronze Age cultures of southeastern Iran including Halil- Rud and Jiroft is the prevalence of inter-regional and inter-cultural styles. In the other word, material parameters of these cultures have beared resembalanse in forms, structures, techniques and chemical compounds regionally and trans-regionally. These similarities are noticeable and eye-worth in the case of bronze needle and pin. We shall able to analysis the cultural interactions between the Bronze Age centers of southeastern Iran with each other and with the contemporary sites of southern and southwestern of Iran, even, Mesopotamia in one hand and Baluchistan and Turkmenistan on the other hand. The high range distribution of the metal pins and needles all the Bronze Age centers of the southwestern Asia indicate that there were complex societies which produced and distributed these objects between each other while they had interactions. So, the analysis of economic, social and political complexities of these societies would be possible. Archaeometallurgy was an industrial chain in which have been groups such as miners, smelters, producers, merchants and consumers. Discovering the old mining evidences and smelting slag heaps, presence of enough water and fuel, gathering of various metal objects, tablets etc. appeal the productive, technical, economical and official mechanisms in the under-studying region. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Bronze Age; Jiroft; Metal Pin; Metal Needle; Metallography; Elemental Analysis | ||
| References | ||
|
- دانشی، علی، 1386، «گزارش بررسی و شناسایی باستان‌شناسی شهرستان جیرفت (حوزه‌ی ساردوئیه)»، فصل دوم، اداره کل میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری استان کرمان (منتشر نشده). - شهسواری، میثم، 1390، «گزارش بررسی و شناسایی باستان‌شناسی شهرستان رابر»، فصل چهارم، اداره کل میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری استان کرمان (منتشر نشده). - علیدادی سلیمانی، نادر، 1387، «مقدمه‌ای بر جغرافیای طبیعی و محیط زیست حوضه‌ی هلیل»، مجموعه مقالات نخستین همایش بین‌المللی تمدن حوزه‌ی هلیل، به کوشش: یوسف مجیدزاده، سازمان میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری استان کرمان، کرمان، چاپ اول، صص 28- 22. - مجیدزاده، یوسف، 1387، «پروژه باستان‌شناختی حوضه‌ی هلیل: کشفی افسانه‌ای»، مجموعه مقالات نخستین همایش بین‌المللی تمدن حوضه‌ی هلیل، به‌کوشش: یوسف مجیدزاده، سازمان میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری استان کرمان، کرمان، چاپ اول، صص 52- 31. - میسون، برایان و کارلتون مُر، 1376، اصول ژئو شیمی، ترجمه: علی‌اصغر شرفی، شیراز: نشر دانشگاه شیراز، چاپ سوم. - وطن‌دوست، رسول، 1367، «مـرمت، حفاظــت و مطالعه فنی تعدادی از اشیاء فلزی گنجینه ارجان»، اثـــر، سازمان میراث فرهنگی کشور، شماره 15 و 16، صص 110- 98. - یاوری، فاطمه، 1393، «فلزگری حوضه‌ی هلیل‌رود در عصر مفرغ: مطالعه موردی سنجاق‌ها و میله‌های مفرغی»، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی دانشگاه مازندران، استاد راهنما: رحمت عباس‌نژاد سرستی (منتشر نشده).
- Bazin, D. & H. Hubner, 1969, Copper Deposits in Iran, Geological Survey of Iran, Ministry of Information Press, Tehran.
- Beale T. W. & Lamberg –Karlovsky, C.C., 1986, “Summary of Change and Development in the Early Periods at Tepe Yahya, 4900 –3300 B. C.” in Excavation at Tepe Yahya , Iran , 1967 – 75, the Early periods, Pea-body Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, c.c. Lamberg –Karlovsky & T.W. Beale (eds.).
- Berthoud T. et al., 1979. “The Early Iranian Metallurgy: Analytical Study of Copper Ores from Iran”, in Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Archaeometry and Archaeological Prospection, KÖln: Rheinland Verlag: 68 – 74.
- Caldwell J.R., 1967, Investigation at Tal-i- Iblis, Illinois State Museum Preliminary Reports 9, Springfield.
- Charles, J. A., 1974, “Early arsenical bronzes—a metallurgical view”, American Journal of Archaeology, 71 (1): 21– 26.
- Childe, V.G., 1942, What Happened in History, Harmonds Worth, Penguin Books.
- Coghlan, H. H., 1975, Notes on the Prehistoric Metallurgy of Copper and Bronze in the Old World, Occasional Paper on Technology 4, 2nd ed., Oxford.
- Dougherty, R. C. & Caldwell, J. R., 1966, “Evidence of Early Pyrometallurgy in the Kerman Range in Iran”, Science, Vol. 153: 984-985.
- Dougherty R., & Caldwell, J. R., 1967, “Evidence of Early Pyrometallurgy in the Kerman Range in Iran”, in J. R. Caldwell (ed.), Investigations at Tal-i-Iblis, Springfield: Illinoise State Museum.
- Fleming, S. J. et al., 2006, “The Archaeometallurgy of War Kabud, Western Iran”, Iranica Antiqua XLI: 47-57
- Forbes R. J., 1971, “Studies in Ancient Technology”, Vol. VIII, Leiden.
- Ghirshman, R., 1938, Fouilles de Sialk pres de Kashan 1933, 1934, 1937, Vol. I, Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geutner. 206.
- Hakemi, A., 1997, Shahdad: Archaeological Excavations of a Bronze Age Center in Iran, Rome: Ismeo, Translated by S. M. S. Sajjadi, New Delhi: Instituto Italiano per il Midio et Estremo Oriente.
- Heskel, D. & Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C., 1979, “An alternative sequence for the development of metallurgy: Tepe Yahya”, Iran. In T. A. Wertime & J. Muhly, (eds.), The Coming of the Age of Iron. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 229–266.
- Lamberg – Karlovsky C.C., 1974, “Survey of Excavation in Iran,1972 – 73: Tepe Yahya”, Iran 12.
- Lechtman, H., 1996, “Arsenic Bronze: Dirty copper or chosen alloy? A view from the Americas”, Journal of Field Archaeology 23: 477- 514.
- Moorey, R. S., 1969, “Prehistoric copper and bronze metallurgy in western Iran (with special Reference to Luristan)”, Iran, No.7: 133-134
- Moorey P. R. S., 1982, “Archaeology and Pre-Achaemenid Metalworking in Iran: a fifteen year retrospective”, Iran 20: 81-101.
- Oudbashi, O. & Davami, P., 2014, “Metallography and microstructure interpretation of some archaeological tin bronze vessels from Iran”, Materials Characterization, Vol. 97: 79- 87.
- Pernicka E., 2004, “Copper and Silver in Arisman and Tappeh Sialk and the Early Metallurgy in Iran”, in Presiens Antike Pracht, Deeutshes Bergbau-Museum Bochum, T. StÖllner, R. Slotta & A. R. Vatadoust (eds.), Band 2, Vol. 1: 232- 239.
- Pigott, V. C., 1999, “The Development of Metal Production on the Iranian Plateau: An Archaeometallurgical Perspective, In The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World, V. C.” Pigott (ed.), pp. 73- 106, MASCAP 16. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
- Pigott, V. C., 2004, “On the Importance of Iran in the Study of Prehistoric Copper-Base Metallurgy, In Persia's Ancient Splendour, Mining, Handicraft and Archaeology, Stöllner T., Slotta R. & A.R” Vatandoust (eds.), pp. 28-43.
- Pigott, V.C., Howard S. M. & Epstein S. M., 1982, “Pyrotechnology and Culture Change at Bronze Age Tepe Hissar (Iran), Erly Py-rotechnology: The evolution of the first fire-using industries,” Paper Prreesented at a Seminar on Early Pyrotechnology Held at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., and the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, April 19-20.
- Scott, D. A., 1991, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation institute.
- Scott, D. A., 2002, Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants and Conservation, Getty, Conservation Institute Publications, Los Angeles
- Thornton, C. P., 2001, Tepe Yahya Revisited: The assessment of the metallurgical sequence of the Iranian Plateau from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age through chemical and metal-lographic analyses of a "trinket" technology, B.A. Thesis, Harvard University.
- Thornton, C. P., 2009, “The Emergence of Complex Metallurgy on the Iranian Plateau: Escaping the Levantine Paradigm”, Journal of World Prehistory, Vol. 22 (3): 301-327.
- Thornton, C. P. & Ehlers C., 2003, “Early Brass in the Ancient Near East”, in Institute for Archaeo- Metallurgical Studies News (iams) 23, University College London, 3-8.
- Thornton, C. P., Golden, J. M., Cillick, D.J., Pigott, V. C., Rehren T. H., & Roberts, B. W., 2010. “A Chalcolithic Error: Rebuttal to Amzallag 2009”, American Journal of Archaeology 114: 305- 315.
- Thornton, C. P. & Lamberg- Karlovsky C.C., 2002, “On pins and needles: tracing the evolution of copper-base alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran,via ICP-MS analysis of common-place items”, Journal of Archaeological Science 29 (12): 1451-1460.
- Thornton C.P. & Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C., 2013, “A New Look at the Prehistoric Metallurgy of Southeastern Iran”, British Institute of Persian Studies, Vol. 42: 47-59.
- Tosi, M., 1969, Excavation at Shahr- i – Sokhta, Preliminary Report on the Second Campaign September – December 1968. East and West 19.
- Tylecote, R. F. & Mckerrell H., 1970, “Examination of Copper Alloy Tools form Tal-y-Yahya, Iran”, in Bulletin of the Historical Metallurgy Group, Vol. 5: 37-38.
- Wertime, T. A., 1973, “The Beginning of Metallurgy: A New Look”,Science 182: 875-887
- Society.sushiant.com/Category/فلزات، 22/01/1393 | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 2,191 PDF Download: 5,637 |
||